Hey you all!
I just wanted to offer reminders and suggestions for your two paragraphs with citations that are due tomorrow. I hope you will find this review helpful as you finish up your assignment.
1. We are looking for depth of research, which means specifics from a variety of sources.
2. Make sure you use in-text citations. This may be done by referencing the title or author of the source by either: incorporating the source into your sentence, or by using a parenthetical citation. If you want to use a parenthetical citation for an online article with no author, then just use the first main word of the longer title. Make sure you punctuate it to signify it is an article. If I were citing the article you read last semester in Mrs. Roberge's class called "A Village Possessed" I would just have ("Village") as the citation.
3. Include a works cited page. We assume by now you have consulted many sources. For online articles the basic citation is:
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article."
Name of Website. Publishing Company, Day Month
Year. Web. Date Accessed. URL
NOTE: If there is no author, just skip this.
4. Remember to make sure you have indented works cited entries correctly, and alphabetized them.
5. Proofread and polish your work for basic grammar, usage, and mechanics.
I have excerpted a sample from my thesis paper below about witchcraft here and included a works cited. They are all book citations, but at list it gives you the gist of how you can cite sources in the text and what we are looking for in this assignment.
Women as Witches
As part of the Inquisition, the witch would find herself not only existing, but being eradicated. Anne Llewllyn Barstow indicates before 1500 there was an estimated 705 accused witches in Europe, while in the area now known as Germany alone there were 4,208 after 1500 (179). Both before and after 1500 however, the majority of the accused were women; 71% and 82% respectively (Barstow 179). Given the authorization of the existence of witches by the Church, it is not surprising that Barstow reports a total of 6,208 accusations after 1500, and again, the majority women. As instructed by the infamous “Witch’s Hammer”, if she were found guilty of multiple qualities of the witch, woman would undoubtedly suffer- usually with death as her punishment. So few would dare question the Church, and self-regulation resulted. “...the aim of which is to compel the body to signify one historical idea rather than the other,” explains Judith Butler of self-regulation (256). What historical idea was in need of change? Why the change in church doctrine? For the patriarchal structure of the Church to succeed, the opposite, matriarchal structures had to become inessential.
Many researchers, such as historian Anne Llewllyn Barstow and folklorist Gilbert Cross, argue that the large number of female witches was part of the Catholic crusade against pagan customs. Barbara Ehrenreich author of Witches, Midwives and Nurses, shows that most pre-Christian practices were led by female priestesses, often associated with nature, fertility, and healing. Furthermore, the term witch is said to come from the term wicce/wicca, the Old English meaning “to know”. Etymology also suggests wicce/wicca is the pagan term for willow, where the primitive form of aspirin originates (Cross). Involved in midwiving and healing according to both Cross and Ehrenreich, it is women who would have dispensed remedies, and who would in turn be charged as witches. Thus a woman’s day-to-day duties made her more susceptible to witchcraft accusations.
Works Cited
Barstow, Anne Llewellyn. Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San
Francisco: Pandora, 1994.
Butler, Judith. “Gendering the Body: Beauvoir’s Philosophical Contribution.” Women,
Knowledge, and Reality: Explorations in Feminist Philosophy. Ed. Ann Garry and
Marilyn Pearsall. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 253-262.
Cross, Gilbert. “Legends, Ballads and Tales”. Course pack and class notes. Author of
World Myths and Folktales. Eastern Michigan University. Traverse City: Summer 2001.
(page numbers cited refer to course pack).
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deidre English. Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of
Women Healers. New York: Feminist Press, 1973.
